For the Conflict and Resolution of the Aaland Islands Dispute
By Nicolaus Hartoyo and Gabriel CurraNagasawa
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Arter, D. (2022). Personal Representation or Party Representation? Elections in the Autonomous Aaland Islands. Regional & Federal Studies, [online] 32(4), pp.511-524. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2022.2047940.
Autonomy Arrangements in the World. (2019). Aaland Islands. [online] Available at: https://worldautonomiesinfo.z6.web.core.windows.net/tas/aland/index.html [Accessed 9 Jun. 2025].
The Autonomy Arrangements in the World website is run by multiple European organisations including Universitatiae Babes-Bolyai and the European Centre for Minority Issues. Their page on the Aaland Islands describes the establishment and implementation of their autonomy and outlines the regional government's structure, includes its parliament, governor, judiciary and executive branches. The page also explains the island's regional citizenship, made up of the right to domicile and how it can be acquired and lost and affects peoples' right to vote and own land.
EUR-Lex. (n.d.). Act concerning the Conditions of Accession of the Kingdom of Norway, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden and the Adjustments to the Treaties on Which the European Union Is Founded, Protocol No 2 - on the Aaland Islands. [online] Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A11994N%2FPRO%2F02 [Accessed 13 Jun. 2025].
finlex.fi. (1991). Sjalvstyrelselag for Aaland | 1144/1991. [online] Available at: https://www.finlex.fi/sv/lagstiftning/1991/1144?language=swe [Accessed 9 Jun. 2025].
Hofverberg, E. (2020). On This Day: Centennial of Aaland's Autonomy Act of 1920. [online] The Library of Congress Blogs. Available at: https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/05/on-this-day-centennial-of-lands-autonomy-act-of-1920/ [Accessed 9 Jun. 2025].
Makinen, C. (2022). Autonomy Has Allowed Åland to Prosper. [online] University of Helsinki. Available at: https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/democracy/autonomy-has-allowed-aland-prosper [Accessed 9 Jun. 2025].
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (2025). The Special Status of the Aaland Islands. [online] Available at: https://um.fi/the-special-status-of-the-aland-islands#eustatus [Accessed 13 Jun. 2025].
O'Brien, P. (2012). The Aaland Islands Solution: a Precedent for Successful International Disputes Settlement Remarks by Ms. Patricia O'Brien, Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, the Legal Counsel. [online] United Nations Office of Legal Affairs. Available at: https://legal.un.org/ola/media/info_from_lc/POB%20Aalands%20Islands%20Exhibition%20opening.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2025].
Padelford, N., Gosta, K. and Andersson, A. (1939). THE AALAND ISLANDS QUESTION . [online] Available at: https://uniset.ca/microstates2/ax_The_Aaland_Islands_Question.pdf [Accessed 14 Jun. 2025].
International Law Students Association (1921). Report Presented to the Council of the League of Nations by the Commission of Rapporteurs. [online] International Law Students Association. Available at: https://www.ilsa.org/Jessup/Jessup10/basicmats/aaland2.pdf [Accessed 9Jun. 2025].
UN Archives Geneva (n.d.). Aaland Islands Question - Council of the League of Nations - Report and Resolution Adopted by the Council at Meeting, London, 12 July 1920. [online] https://archives.ungeneva.org/. Available at: https://archives.ungeneva.org/aaland-islands-question-council-of-the-league-of-nations-report-and-resolution-adopted-by-the-council-at-meeting-london-12-july-1920/download?token=bc70985d111ffda3ac27e5c0ed38867f90042d62c5fe93fd004813d0f5aa7ac9 [Accessed 12 Jun. 2025].
On the UN Archives Geneva website, a digital version of the documents related to the report and resolution adopted by the Lague of Nations for the Aaland Islands Dispute can be found. It contains scans of original telegrams and letters between the members of the Commission of Rapporteurs as well as notable figures in the League of Nations, such as Leon Bourgeois and Francis Paul Walters.
UN Peacemaker. (2005). Act on the Autonomy of Aaland. [online] Available at: https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/default/files/document/files/2024/05/fi20se930101act20on20the20autonomy20of20aland.pdf [Accessed 9 Jun. 2025].
Walters, F.P. (1952). A History of the League of Nations. [online] London: Oxford Univeristy Press, pp.103-105, 791-792. Available at: https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=32146299 [Accessed 6 Jun. 2025].
Francis Paul Walters, the former Deputy Secretary-General of the League of Nations between 1939 and 1940, published A History of the League of Nations in 1952 in two parts. In it, he traces the League's history in from its origins in 17th century writings on pacifism to its death and rebirth in the 20th century, describing in detail over three-hundred and fifty conflicts, interventions, events, successes, and treaties and pacts. The book was made available digitally by the United Nations Library Geneva.
Wayback Machine (2010). Decision of the Council of the League of Nations on the Aaland Islands. [online] web.archive.org. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20100204200856/http://www.kultur.aland.fi/kulturstiftelsen/traktater/eng_fr/1921a_en.htm [Accessed 6 Jun. 2025].
Wikipedia Contributors (2004). Aaland Islands Dispute. [online] Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands_dispute#cite_ref-2 [Accessed 6 Jun. 2025].
